The causes of cell damage range from severe physical trauma, such as after a car accident, to genetic defects that lead to the development.
CELL INJURY
CAUSES OF CELL INJURY
The causes of cell damage range from severe physical trauma, such as after a car accident, to genetic defects that lead to the development of dysfunctional enzymes in certain metabolic disorders. The most harmful stimuli can be divided into the following categories:
Hypoxia and ischemia. Hypoxia, which means lack of oxygen, and ischemia, which means poor blood supply, are the most common causes of cell damage. Both tissues are deprived of oxygen, and ischemia leads to a deficiency of essential nutrients and the accumulation of toxic metabolites. The most common cause of hypoxia is an ischemia due to arterial obstacles, but also oxygen deficiency can also lead to insufficient blood oxygen, for example, different diseases on the lungs or to reduce oxygen transport capacities, such as anemia of any cause and carbon gif.
Toxins are potentially toxic daily factors in the environment; These include air pollutants, Cide-insecti, Co, asbestos, cigarette smoke, ethanol and drugs. Many medical medicines can use cell or tissue damage to a sensitive patient or with many people when it is exaggerated or inappropriate. Even unique materials such as glucose, salt, water and oxygen can be toxic. source of infection. All types of pathogens, including viruses, bacteria, fungi and protozoa, damage cells. source of infection. All types of pathogens, including viruses, bacteria, fungi and protozoa, damage cells. immune response. Reduces the immune system against pathogenic microorganisms, but the immune response can also lead to cell damage and tissue damage. The examples are autoimmune answers to their tissues and create GIC reactions for environmental materials and coordinated or chronic immune responses to microorganisms. In all these conditions, the immune response causes a general reaction, which is often the cause of damage to cells and fabrics.
The abnormal genetic genetic secretion can lead a delicate market as an alternative amino acid in hemoglobin, which causes a permanent erythrocyte anemia or subtle changes. Genetic defects can cause cellular injuries due to the lack of technical protein, such as congenital metabic oil errors, the accumulation of enzymes or damaged DNA or incorrect proteins, both activated cell death.
Nutrition a balance The inadequacy of protein calories between the poor population is one of the main reasons for celllaesies and in developed countries with high permanent songs, the specific vitamins shortage is not rare. Ironically, excessive food insertion can cause obesity and there is also an important factor in many diseases, such as type 2-melitus diabetes and attherosclerosis.
Physical agent Shock, extreme temperatures, radiation, electric shock, and sudden changes in atmospheric pressure all have far-reaching effects on cells.
Ageing. Cellular aging reduces the ability of cells to respond to stress and eventually leads to the death of cells and organisms. The mechanism of cellular senescence is discussed at the end of this chapter..
Book Refrence: ROBBINS (tenth edition)